The purpose of this study is to find the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on research performance of foundation university members in turkey on the number of articles published in science citation index and social science citation index. Douglas mcgregor then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the manager. The result was theory za development beyond theory x and theory y that blended the best of eastern and western management practices. Jan 08, 2015 theory y theory y shows a participation style of management that is decentralized. Theory x managers tend to take a pessimistic view of their people, and. Pdf the impact of theory x, theory y and theory z on. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory x y attitudes and theory x y behaviors. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. May 02, 2017 the difference between theory x and theory y is that theory x employees are associated with negative traits whereas theory y employees are associated with positive traits.
Theory y assumes that people are innovative and creative in all aspects. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Jan 28, 2017 theory x assumes that people have little capacity fo creativity and they are suited for routine work only. This is managements taskin managing subordinate managers or work ers. Do you care about the goals of the organization that you work for, or do you focus more on getting a regular paycheck to bring home. Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Difference between theory x and theory y compare the. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. Introduction theory x and y was developed by douglas mcgregor, a social psychologist in 1960. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles. In general, theory x style managers believe their employees are less intelligent, lazier, and work solely for a sustainable. It emphasizes that staff are selfdisciplined and would like to do the job themselves 6.
Many organisations are now taking the enlightened view of theory y. The author responds to a widespread misinterpretation of theory x and y and presents the position that mcgregors work is, in fact, a contingency approach to management and leadership. We should emphasize that we have labeled these assumptions as a step beyond theory y because of mcgregors own recognition that the theory y assumptions would probably be supplanted by new. Theory y is based on a faulty conception of human nature. Theoryx and theoryy management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. Managers assumptions about the behaviour of people are central to this. Free xy theory test tool personal and organizational pdf. You might, for instance, have a tendency to micromanage or, conversely, you may prefer to take a more handsoff approach. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Theory x and theory y explains how your perceptions can affect your. With the onslaught of b2b social media, and the break down of formal business approach, business. Abstract what motivates you to do a great job when you go to work. Theory x managers assume that workers are lazy, will avoid responsibility, and prefer to just get.
Mcgregor contributed these two sets of assumptions the purposefully impartial labels of theory x and theory y mcgregors accomplishment lay in depicting attention to two contrasting types of managerial attitude. Mcgregor felt that companies followed either one of these approaches. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. Theory x is the belief that employees are motivated by pay and they need supervision to make sure they get their work done. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Small business aykut arslana, selva staubb, a,b halic university, sishane, istanbul, 34420, turkey. The x y theory questionnaire page 1 of 2 indicates whether the situation and management style is the x or y style.
Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. It assumes that employees are happy to work, selfmotivated, creative and enjoy working with greater responsibility. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor results. Theory x and theory y to pick the best management style. Theory y, on the other hand, states that work is natural and allows one to express oneself physically and creatively i.
Explain the implications of theory x, theory y, and theory z for employee management mcgregors theory x and theory y the idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. The author sets forth a model of how theory y relates to managerial style and behavior. Ouchis theory first appeared in his 1981 book, theory z.
Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Categorized under business, management, psychology differences between theory x and theory y. For mcgregor, theory x and theory y are not opposite ends of the same continuum, but rather two different continua in themselves.
In order to achieve the most efficient production, a combination of both theories may be appropriate. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. Mcgregor wrote about theory x and y by thinking about industrial management. Mcgregor recognised certain needs that theory x fails to take into account.
It encapsulated a fundamental distinction between management styles. May 15, 2017 mcgregor contributed these two sets of assumptions the purposefully impartial labels of theory x and theory y mcgregors accomplishment lay in depicting attention to two contrasting types of managerial attitude. Theory y shows the democratic and supportive leadership styles in the. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of management and motivation. You may, however, find that you naturally favor one over the other. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques.
The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. In 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. Apr 02, 2012 theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. However, he found that an organisation driven solely by theory y could not succeed, as some sense of direction and structure was required. Theory x and theory y are wellresearched leadership principles. In this article, we are going to talk about the major differences between theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. Theory x is a motivational theory, which involves high supervision and control over the subordinates, and greater degree of centralization. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960.
In theory x type organization, management is authoritarian, and centralized control is maintained. Motivation theory x and theory y free management books. How american management can meet the japanese challenge. However, commentators and practitioners have often misinterpreted his ideas to assume exactly that. When an organization is structured in a way that assumes theory x is true, there tend to be a great number of managers and supervisors throughout the organization. Make your own animated videos and animated presentations for free. Theory x assumes that people dislike work and will avoid doing anything they dont have to do. In order to get the best out of the employees, plenty of management is necessary, meaning the structure of the business can become quite topheavy. While in theory y type organization, the management style is participative, employees are involved decision making, but the power retains to implement decisions. Theory y, on the other hand, states that work is natural. Jul 08, 2017 on the other extreme, theory y is diametrically opposite to theory x which shows the modern and dynamic approach to individuals and relies on the assumptions that are practical in nature. He referred to these two perceptions as theory x and theory y. He also described the behaviour of leaders in two contrasting sets of bliefs.
Learn new career skills every week, plus get a bonus be a successful manager checklist, free. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. His work is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, where he grouped the hiera. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. And, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style. Theory x and theory y are descriptions of two extreme managerial styles. Theory x and theory y mcgregor and leadership motivation hr. The climate in a theory x organisation tends to be impersonal and the theory suggests carrot and stick approach to motivation. On the other hand, managers use theory y produces better performance and results and allows.
According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of individuals. Most managers will likely use a mixture of theory x and theory y. Douglas mcgregor then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the manager s perception of people. In this theory, management assumes that employees are. A democratic leadership style arises on the basis of theory y which allows.
However, he found that an organisation driven solely by theory y. It describes two very different attitudes towards workforce motivation. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of. His work showed that thoughts and beliefs might influence behavior. Developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. In a nutshell, theory x states that people inherently dislike their jobs, see them as a necessary evil, are unmotivated, and must be externally controlled throughout the day by coercion, direction, or threat of punishment.
Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. If theory y holds, an organization can apply these principles of scientific management to improve employee motivation. Theory x employees are specialized and the same work cycle continues. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and.
To learn more about theory x and theory y, see the article at. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors x y theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Theory x and theory y team management training from. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. Many years ago a professor named douglas mcgregor dubbed these perspectives theory x and theory y.
Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and. A boss can be viewed as taking the theory x approach, while a leader takes the theory y approach. Get an answer for compare the theory x, theory y, and theory z assumptions of human relations. It contains assumptions which he believed could lead to greater motivation and better fulfillment of both individual needs and organizational goals. Sep 09, 2016 douglas mcgregor wrote about theory x and theory y in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies. This approach is derived from fred fiedlers research over various leadership styles known as the contingency. Theory x and theory y from wikipedia, the free encyclopedia this article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling you can assist by editing it. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. Mar 08, 2008 theory x and theory y was created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s. In general, many managers influenced by theory x usually generate poor results. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor see article in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Rob hyronsdollar photo club leadership styles are determined by the ways in which a leader perceives those under him and the assumptions he holds about human behavior. Theory x is formulated on the traditional approach to human behavior, which states that severe form of leadership must be used to persuade workers towards achieving the organizational goals.
October 2014 theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation, created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s, that. Powtoon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Theory x, theory y, and theory z introduction to business. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. Theory y is mcgregors other modem view of the nature of man. Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit his theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. Mcgregors six assumptions of theory y and his ideas of integrating individual and organization goals are congruent with the main planks in my philosophy of life now and at that time. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Theory x assumes that people have little capacity fo creativity and they are suited for routine work only. Leadership styles are determined by the ways in which a leader perceives those under him and the assumptions he holds about human behavior. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory.
Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. The point of my analogy, however, is that the application of theory in this. Theory y, is an advanced theory, wherein it is assumed that the workers are selfdirected and selfmotivated, for growth and development and takes active part in decision making. Under this theory, the employees are highly selfmotivated, and they need little encouragement from upper management to deliver quality results on a day to day basis. Theory y, on the other hand, states that work is natural and allows one to express oneself physically. Kopelman and others published theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories find, read and cite all. Strengths and weaknesses of theory y and theory x leaders. Leadership style theory x shows the autocratic leadership styles in the organization. In his theory about management attitudes at two opposite poles mcgregors theory x and theory y, he never intended to indicate that x was bad and y good, nor that any leader should find a spot between the two and set up camp. Nov 25, 2019 theory x and theory y of motivation theory y. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees.
Application of theory x and y in classroom management by. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between.
Motivating people using theory x and theory y youtube. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor at the mit sloan school of management in the 1960s 2. In 1960, douglus and mcgregor described this leadership theory that the activities of leaders are based on their thinking and considerations about the individuals at work. Theory x is the view that traditional management has taken towards the workforce. As you would expect, theory y sees motivation in the opposite manner of theory x. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student.
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